How To Paint Individual RGB Components Of An Image On The J Frame

Deep convolutional neural networks have carried out remarkably well on many Computer Vision duties. However, these networks are closely reliant on huge information to keep away from overfitting. Overfitting refers to the phenomenon when a network learns a operate with very high variance similar to to completely mannequin the coaching knowledge. Unfortunately, many software domains don't have access to big information, such as medical image analysis. This survey focuses on Data Augmentation, a data-space answer to the problem of restricted information. Data Augmentation encompasses a collection of strategies that improve the scale and high quality of training datasets such that higher Deep Learning models could be constructed utilizing them. The utility of augmentation methods primarily based on GANs are closely coated on this survey. This survey will current current methods for Data Augmentation, promising developments, and meta-level decisions for implementing Data Augmentation. Readers will perceive how Data Augmentation can improve the efficiency of their fashions and expand limited datasets to take benefit of the capabilities of massive data. In distinction to the techniques mentioned above, Data Augmentation approaches overfitting from the foundation of the problem, the coaching dataset. This is finished under the idea that more information can be extracted from the unique dataset via augmentations. These augmentations artificially inflate the coaching dataset measurement by either data warping or oversampling. Data warping augmentations transform current photographs such that their label is preserved.

This encompasses augmentations corresponding to geometric and colour transformations, random erasing, adversarial training, and neural style transfer. Oversampling augmentations create artificial instances and add them to the coaching set. This consists of mixing photographs, characteristic space augmentations, and generative adversarial networks . Oversampling and Data Warping augmentations do not kind a mutually unique dichotomy. For example, GAN samples could be stacked with random cropping to further inflate the dataset. Descriptions of individual augmentation methods might be enumerated within the "Image Data Augmentation techniques" part. A quick taxonomy of the Data Augmentations is depicted under in Fig.2. Another helpful technique for generative modeling worth mentioning is variational auto-encoders. The GAN framework can be prolonged to enhance the standard of samples produced with variational auto-encoders . Variational auto-encoders learn a low-dimensional illustration of data factors. In the image domain, this translates an image tensor of size height×width×color channels down right into a vector of dimension n× 1, identical to what was discussed with respect to feature house augmentation. Low-dimensional constraints in vector representations will result in a poorer representation, although these constraints are better for visualization using methods such as t-SNE . Imagine a vector representation of measurement 5 × 1 created by an autoencoder. These autoencoders can soak up a distribution of labeled data and map them into this house. These classes might embrace 'head turned left', 'centered head', and 'head turned right'. Variational auto-encoder outputs could be further improved by inputting them into GANs . Additionally, an analogous vector manipulation process may be done on the noise vector inputs to GANs through using Bidirectional GANs . The earliest demonstrations displaying the effectiveness of Data Augmentations come from easy transformations corresponding to horizontal flipping, color space augmentations, and random cropping. These transformations encode most of the invariances discussed earlier that current challenges to image recognition duties. This section will explain how each augmentation algorithm works, report experimental results, and discuss disadvantages of the augmentation technique.

12.4 by drawing stuffed rectangles and strings in a number of totally different colours. When the appliance begins execution, class ColorJPanel's paintComponent technique (lines 1037 of Fig. 12.5) is called to paint the window. Line 17 uses Graphics method setColor to set the current drawing color. The expression new Color creates a model new Color object that represents red . Line 18 makes use of Graphics methodology fillRect to attract a stuffed rectangle within the current colour. Method fillRect attracts a rectangle based on its 4 arguments. The first two integer values symbolize the upper-left x-coordinate and upper-left y-coordinate, the place the Graphics object begins drawing the rectangle. The third and fourth arguments are nonnegative integers that symbolize the width and the peak of the rectangle in pixels, respectively. A rectangle drawn utilizing methodology fillRect is crammed by the current colour of the Graphics object. In different words, you possibly can zoom in on a characteristic of an image which can be transferring round in an otherwise bigger image. Each timeDynomeasure skips to a brand new frame the Grabber software is evoked permitting one to center the thing in the display window. If one then hits the area bar the thing could be measured.Undulations This procedure is specialized for the generation of show lists of the physique form of undulating organisms. To use it, make a movie from above with the swimming specimen in a pan with a white background, calibrate the image of one frame and select Digitize Undulations.

The consumer might be prompted for a file header, a file name and for each of the frames of the film, a frame descriptor, and a click on the place of the nostril and the tail. The program then mechanically traces two sets of coordinates that outline the form of the left and right sides of the physique axis. It generates a tab delimited file where the primary column is the frame time and the second column is the angle. One operates on the 8-bit CLUT of an listed composite image while the opposite operates on the decrease 5 bits of the Red, Green and Blue components of an RGB image. The latter evaluation requires an RGB source and an 8 bit frame grabber that may be switched between the R, G and B planes or the Red, Green and Blue information generated by such a source. The results of this evaluation is the era of a binary image the place the pixels throughout the segmented class are black and the rest of the image white. Digital image information is often encoded as a tensor of the dimension (height × width × color channels). Performing augmentations within the color channels area is another strategy that is very sensible to implement. Very easy shade augmentations include isolating a single colour channel similar to R, G, or B. An image could be shortly transformed into its representation in one shade channel by isolating that matrix and adding 2 zero matrices from the other colour channels.

Additionally, the RGB values can be easily manipulated with easy matrix operations to extend or decrease the brightness of the image. More superior color augmentations come from deriving a colour histogram describing the image. Changing the intensity values in these histograms results in lighting alterations similar to what's used in photograph modifying purposes. The RGB colour mannequin is applied in different ways, relying on the capabilities of the system used. By far the commonest general-used incarnation as of 2006 is the 24-bit implementation, with eight bits, or 256 discrete levels of colour per channel. Any colour space based on such a 24-bit RGB mannequin is thus limited to a spread of 256×256×256 ≈ sixteen.7 million colours. Some implementations use sixteen bits per component for forty eight bits complete, resulting in the same gamut with a larger variety of distinct colors. This is especially necessary when working with wide-gamut shade spaces , or when numerous digital filtering algorithms are used consecutively. The identical precept applies for any color area primarily based on the identical shade mannequin, however implemented in different bit depths. For NTSC cameras, the image airplane is decomposed into 480 rows and 640 columns of pixels, and pictures are produced at 30 frames per second. Hence, a colour video camera produces info at almost 30M bytes of data per second. Extracting useful info from this stream is computationally demanding, and sometimes decrease resolution pictures are used, or the depth is quantized with fewer than 8 bits per pixel. Furthermore, current advances in digital photography and high definition tv are leading to reasonably priced cameras with greater resolution, larger dynamic vary, and more bits per pixel.

Many objects in organic images are represented by heterogeneous colors. For example, a sponge image may be made up of orange, brown, yellow and green pixels. Region bitmap segmentation allows one to acquire and phase on the idea of heterogeneous shade sets. This device makes use of the lasso device to choose out a area of pixels. The algorithm will then choose which CLUT colors were inside the chosen area and phase a binary image of the image pixels with the corresponding values. Be cautious in choosing regions that contain extraordinarily dark (i.e. black) pixels as these are present in most objects. The user is healthier off choosing regions that comprise pixels that seem unique to the objects to be segmented. Canvases are utilized by ImageMagick both as a starting image for drawing on, backgrounds to overlay pictures with clear areas, and even simply as part of common image processing. They is often a solid colour, or a spread of colours, or perhaps a tile of a smaller image. Here we have a look at just some of the methods that can be utilized to generate a complete range of canvas pictures. An RGBA color model with eight bits per component uses a total of 32 bits to symbolize a colour. This is a handy number as a result of integer values are often represented using 32-bit values.

A 32-bit integer value can be interpreted as a 32-bit RGBA shade. How the colour components are organized inside a 32-bit integer is considerably arbitrary. The most common structure is to retailer the alpha component in the eight high-order bits, adopted by purple, green, and blue. (This ought to in all probability be called ARGB color.) However, other layouts are also in use. This illustration works well as a result of 256 shades of pink, green, and blue are about as many as the attention can distinguish. Such purposes would possibly use a 16-bit integer or perhaps a 32-bit floating level value for every shade component. For example, one widespread shade scheme makes use of 5 bits for the purple and blue components and 6 bits for the green component, for a complete of 16 bits for a color. All of the augmentation strategies discussed above are utilized to images within the enter space. Neural networks are extremely powerful at mapping high-dimensional inputs into lower-dimensional representations. These networks can map photographs to binary classes or to n× 1 vectors in flattened layers. The sequential processing of neural networks could be manipulated such that the intermediate representations could be separated from the community as a complete. The lower-dimensional representations of image data in fully-connected layers could be extracted and isolated. Konno and Iwazume find a performance boost on CIFAR-100 from 66 to 73% accuracy by manipulating the modularity of neural networks to isolate and refine individual layers after coaching. Lower-dimensional representations found in high-level layers of a CNN are known as the characteristic area. DeVries and Taylor presented an interesting paper discussing augmentation on this characteristic area. This opens up opportunities for many vector operations for Data Augmentation. A colour mode that shows photographs by using a number of colour channels, every comprising 256 shades of gray.

Colors can be created on pc monitors with colour spaces based mostly on the RGB shade mannequin, using the additive major colors . A three-dimensional representation would assign each of the three colors to the X, Y, and Z axes. Note that colours generated on given monitor shall be limited by the replica medium, such as the phosphor or filters and backlight . Figure 3Representation of an eight pixel colour image within the RGB and HSB shade areas. The RGB colour house maps the RGB shade model to a cube with Red values growing along the x-axis, Green alongside the y-axis and Blue alongside the z-axis. The right panel exhibits the identical image after brightness reduction, simply famous by the vertical displacement alongside the HSB cylinder. Images produced using Kai Uwe Barthel's 3D Color Inspector plugin. One of the solutions to search the house of attainable augmentations is adversarial training. Adversarial training is a framework for utilizing two or more networks with contrasting goals encoded in their loss functions. This part will discuss utilizing adversarial coaching as a search algorithm as properly as the phenomenon of adversarial attacking. Adversarial attacking consists of a rival community that learns augmentations to pictures that end in misclassifications in its rival classification network. These adversarial assaults, constrained to noise injections, have been surprisingly successful from the attitude of the adversarial community. This is surprising as a outcome of it fully defies instinct about how these models characterize photographs. The adversarial attacks demonstrate that representations of images are a lot less strong than what may need been anticipated. This is properly demonstrated by Moosavi-Dezfooli et al. utilizing DeepFool, a community that finds the minimal attainable noise injection needed to cause a misclassification with excessive confidence.

Su et al. present that 70.97% of pictures can be misclassified by changing just one pixel. Zajac et al. trigger misclassifications with adversarial attacks restricted to the border of images. The success of adversarial attacks is very exaggerated as the resolution of photographs increases. Sharpening and blurring are a few of the classical ways of applying kernel filters to photographs. Kang et al. experiment with a novel kernel filter that randomly swaps the pixel values in an n×n sliding window. They call this augmentation approach PatchShuffle Regularization. The hyperparameter settings that achieved this consisted of two × 2 filters and a zero.05 likelihood of swapping. These experiments were carried out utilizing the ResNet CNN structure (Figs.5, 6). Geometric transformations are excellent solutions for positional biases current in the training knowledge. There are many potential sources of bias that would separate the distribution of the training knowledge from the testing information. If positional biases are present, corresponding to in a facial recognition dataset the place each face is completely centered within the frame, geometric transformations are a great solution. In addition to their powerful ability to beat positional biases, geometric transformations are also helpful as a end result of they are easily implemented. There are many imaging processing libraries that make operations similar to horizontal flipping and rotation painless to get began with. Some of the disadvantages of geometric transformations include extra memory, transformation compute prices, and additional training time. Some geometric transformations such as translation or random cropping must be manually observed to verify they haven't altered the label of the image. Therefore, the scope of the place and when geometric transformations could be applied is comparatively restricted. The AlexNet CNN structure developed by Krizhevsky et al. revolutionized image classification by applying convolutional networks to the ImageNet dataset. Data Augmentation is used of their experiments to increase the dataset size by a magnitude of 2048. This is completed by randomly cropping 224 × 224 patches from the original images, flipping them horizontally, and altering the depth of the RGB channels utilizing PCA shade augmentation. This Data Augmentation helped reduce overfitting when coaching a deep neural network.

The authors declare that their augmentations decreased the error fee of the model by over 1%. RGB uses additive color mixing, as a result of it describes what kind of light must be emitted to produce a given color. RGBA is RGB with a further channel, alpha, to point transparency. Common shade areas based mostly on the RGB mannequin include sRGB, Adobe RGB, ProPhoto RGB, scRGB, and CIE RGB. Following are two examples of algorithms for drawing processing shapes. Instead of coloring the shapes randomly or with hard-coded values as we now have prior to now, we choose colors from pixels inside of a PImage object. The image itself is rarely displayed; rather, it serves as a database of data that we are able to exploit for a multitude of creative pursuits. The Channel Mixer adjustment options modify a targeted colour channel utilizing a mixture of the present shade channels in the image. Color channels are grayscale pictures representing the tonal values of the color components in an image . When you utilize the Channel Mixer, you are adding or subtracting grayscale data from a source channel to the focused channel. You usually are not adding or subtracting colors to a particular shade component as you do with the Selective Color adjustment. This process creates a binary image of the image pixels that fall within a specified range of gray scale values or colour LUT entries.

Is Astro Turf Bad For The Environment

With significant water savings and low maintenance requirements, artificial turf is increasingly promoted as a replacement for natural grass on athletic fields and lawns. However, there remains the question of whether it is an environmentally friendly alternative to natural grass. The major concerns stem from the infill material that is typically derived from scrap tires. Tire rubber crumb contains a range of organic contaminants and heavy metals that can volatilize into the air and/or leach into the percolating rainwater, thereby posing a potential risk to the environment and human health. Health risk assessment studies suggested that users of artificial turf fields, even professional athletes, were not exposed to elevated risks. Preliminary life cycle assessment suggested that the environmental impacts of artificial turf fields were lower than equivalent grass fields.

Areas that need further research to better understand and mitigate the potential negative environmental impacts of artificial turf are identified. Recycling end-of-life tires reduces waste and provides a low-cost source of energy and materials such as crumb rubber, used as infill in artificial turf football pitches. However, some concerns were raised and remain about its safety. A dependence on indoor/outdoor conditions and the age of the source material was evaluated, often showing significative differences.

From this standpoint, this review is intended to add knowledge about the presence of contaminants in this recycled material, aiming to ensure the safety of end-users and the environment. The health and environmental consciousness of waste tires has increased tremendously over the years. This has motivated efforts to develop secondary applications that will utilize tire when they reach the end of their life cycle and limit their disposal in landfills. Among the applications of waste tires which are discussed in this review, the use of rubber crumbs in artificial turf fields has gained worldwide attention and is increasing annually. However, there are serious concerns regarding chemicals that are used in the manufacturing process of tires, which ultimately end up in rubber crumbs. Chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals which are found in rubber crumbs have been identified as harmful to human health and the environment.

This review paper is intended to highlight some of the methods which have been used to manage waste tire; it also looks at chemicals/materials used in tire compounding which are identified as possible carcinogenic. Crumb rubber granulate produced from end of life tires is commonly applied to synthetic turf pitches , playgrounds, safety surfaces and walkways. In addition to fillers, stabilizers, cross-linking agents and secondary components (e.g., pigments, oils, resins), ELTs contain a range of other organic compound and heavy metal additives. While previous environmental impact studies on CRG have focused on terrestrial soil and freshwater ecosystems, many sites applying CRG in Norway are coastal.

ICP-MS analysis revealed g kg–1 quantities of Zn and mg kg–1 quantities of Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Cr, Pb, and Ni in the CRG. A cocktail of organic additives and metals readily leached from the CRG into seawater, with the most abundant leachate components being benzothiazole and Zn, Fe, Co , as well as detectable levels of PAHs and phenolic compounds. Concentrations of individual components varied with CRG source material and CRG to seawater ratio, but benzothiazole and Zn were typically the organic and metal components present at the highest concentrations in the leachates. While organic chemical concentrations in the leachates stabilized within days, metals continued to leach out over the 30-day period. Marine copepods exposed to high CRG leachate concentrations exhibited high mortalities within 48 h.

The smaller lipid-poor Acartia had a higher sensitivity to leachates than the larger lipid-rich Calanus, indicating species-specific differences in vulnerability to leachates. The effect on survival was alleviated at lower leachate concentrations, indicating a dose-response relationship. Benzothiazole and its derivatives appear to be of concern owing to their proven toxicity, while bisphenols are also known to be toxic and were enriched in the leachates relative to the other compounds in the CRG.

This review paper is intended to highlight some of the methods which have been used tomanage waste tire; it also looks at chemicals/materials used in tire compounding which are identified as possible carcinogenic. In a recent reivew of health and environmental impacts of synthetic turf, the authors point out that more data and research are needed to assess the risk presented by crumb rubber infill on the environment and human health. Nowadays concern exists about the safety for both football players and the environment of recycled tire rubber used as infill in synthetic turf football pitches. This is the first study of crumb rubber sport facilities in Portugal. Analyses were performed by ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UAE-GC-MS/MS). To evaluate the transfer of the target chemicals from the crumb rubber to the runoff water, water leachates collected from several football pitches were analyzed by solid-phase microextraction (SPME-GC-MS/MS).

In addition, lab-scale runoff simulation experiments were performed to assess whether a persistent inflow of the target compounds from the football pitches into the runoff water wcould exist. Results revealed the presence of most of the target PAHs in crumb rubber at total concentrations up to 57 μg g-1, next to a high number of plasticizers and vulcanization agents. Runoff water collected from the football pitches contained up to 13 PAHs as well as other chemicals of environmental concern.

In addition, continuous leaching of chemicals from the crumb rubber to the surrounding water was demonstrated. The transfer of target chemicals into the runoff water poses a potential risk for the aquatic environment. In addition, while public concern has focused on artificial turf use in playgrounds and athletic fields, the use of synthetic grass in homes, gardens, and daycare centers is widespread in Israel. Appropriate surface provision is fundamental to inspiring individuals to participate in outdoor sports and recreation activities. This study, therefore, aims to provide a knowledge base for this debate by exploring the benefits and disadvantages of synthetic turf compared with natural grass. Findings suggest that natural grass turf has multiple environmental benefits compared with synthetic turf sports surfaces.

Natural grass fields also have certain health benefits related to heat dissipation and psychological comfort, while synthetic turf offers health and social benefits in terms of the capacity to sustain heavy use and accessibility. This review suggests that choosing the right surface option for outdoor sports needs an adequate consideration of both short-and long-term environmental, health and wellbeing factors. Lawns are highly recognized and indispensable elements in the urban landscape. Due to water-saving, low maintenance cost, and avoided health-environmental impacts of agrochemical usage, artificial turf has increasingly replaced some natural turf sports fields and recreational lawns. It remains controversial whether AT is a healthy alternative to NT.

We asked the research question, "Where and for whom the AT is (or isn't) suitable regarding user thermal sensation partaking various activities? " We established a field experiment at adjoining AT and NT fields in humid-tropical Hong Kong. Detailed microclimatic data were recorded under sunny, cloudy and overcast weather conditions to calculate the modified physiological equivalent temperature as a thermal comfort index. Activities covering a range of metabolic rates were selected to evaluate user thermal sensation.

AT experienced considerably raised ground surface temperatures on sunny days with a consequential increase in near-ground ambient air temperatures and the environs. The inter-turf temperature difference was somewhat subdued under cloudy and overcast weather. A regression model allowed the successful development of a nine-point thermal suitability index to assess AT applications and provide a simple rule-of-thumb for design practice. To avoid undue heat stress, AT use can only be recommended for certain site-weather and user-activity scenarios. The TSI can be applied to other climatic zones by gleaning on-site microclimatic data and enlisting the proposed regression-modelling method.

A comprehensive AT assessment scheme can be developed by incorporating the TSI to inform future AT installation and use decisions. E-wastes are considered dangerous, as certain components of some electronic products contain materials that are harmful, depending on their condition and density. The harmful content of these materials pose a threat to human health and environment. Its toxic emissions mixed with virgin soil and air and causing harmful effects to the entire biota either directly or indirectly. Direct impacts include release of acids, toxic compounds including heavy metals, carcinogenic chemicals and indirect effects such as bio magnification of heavy metals.

Stereos, copiers, fax machines, electric lamps, cell phones, audio equipment and batteries if improperly disposed can leach lead and other substances into soil and groundwater. Due to savings in irrigation-water usage and maintenance cost, artificial turf has increasingly replaced natural turf in sports fields, and lawns in architectural, landscape, and urban design (Schneider et al., 2014). However, its adoption and conversion as a substitute for natural grass have remained controversial regarding impacts on the environment and human health (Cheng et al., 2014;Watterson, 2017). Some studies provided evidence of the litany of direct and indirect harmful effects of artificial turf.

The use of synthetic turf in sport fields, parks, yards, and playgrounds has gained popularity in recent years due to the low water and maintenance requirements. Most synthetic turf-like materials in sports fields share the same basic infill composition, which is made of recycled tire crumb rubber . A BASF study was conducted to compare synthetic and natural turf. Overall findings of the study determined that the synthetic turf systems measured significantly lower in terms of environmental impact.

This is especially true when you consider the amount of use afforded by artificial turf surfaces. By creating a dense plastic barrier on top of compacted soil and sand, no garden material can reach the soil beneath it. Things like leaf litter and grass clippings, which may be in tiny amounts in a normal garden after mowing and tidying but still exist. Natural materials like this are essential for feeding soil organisms like worms and microscopic animals that keep soil healthy. This is little different to impermeable hard landscaping like patios but a really important point if you're considering replacing a living lawn with a fake lawn. Even if you remove all clippings and leaves from a real lawn, real grass grows and dies back and rejuvenates every year.

Roots grow and die, some leaves die and these form natural material drawn into the soil to feed soil life. I could go into great detail about why soil life is important because it's the building blocks of our entire way of life; a simple example is birds picking out bugs and worms for food. Some astro turf will have worms beneath but this will be under a new laying or toward the edges where soil is richer from nearby planting. Over time, there will be nothing beneath fake grass for most soil life to survive. Astro turf is made from a variety of human made unnatural materials including polyethylene, polypropylene and nylon.

While individually these components can theoretically be recycled, in reality this isn't happening for fake lawns for the following reasons. First, the materials are often bound together making it impossible to separate them and therefore making it impossible to recycle, because recycling of the materials requires them to be separated and pure. Some products are made from just one material which means at least, theoretically they can be recycled. After spending 5 – 10 years outside on top of soil and surrounded by planting, with people running and walking across it, the amount of debris they collect makes the material very hard to prepare for recycling. You can't recycle plastics with contaminants in like soil and grit, which is why we're supposed to rinse plastic before putting in the recycling bin.

Thirdly, this is a specialist form of recycling, local councils certainly aren't set up to recycle rolls of fake grass, they need to be sent away. What will most people prefer, dumping it for free in the local tip or paying for it to be taken away and cleaned for recycling? Hopefully one day it can be recycled as we need the existing lawns to be recycled, but that doesn't account for the remaining 14 points. Artificial turf with black infill material gained widespread use on athletic fields starting in the early 2000s. One argument made in the desert southwestern United States for replacing natural grass-based athletic fields with artificial turf surfaces is that water is not needed for irrigation. However, it has been shown that in arid and semiarid climate zones the surface temperature of the artificial turf fields can exceed 80°C during the summer, requiring irrigation and drainage systems to keep them cool enough for use.

An experiment was conducted at New Mexico State University to evaluate the amount of water required to maintain surface temperatures comparable to those of natural turfgrass areas. A mathematical model was developed based on the heat balance equation to determine heat dissipation from artificial turf-based fields with comparison of the predicted values to experimental data. Overall, our model estimates were within 12% of the measured values. The model indicates that over a 24-h period, the amount of water (3.00 to 5.00 mm) required to maintain artificial turf at temperatures similar to irrigated natural turfgrass are comparable. Keeping your lawn looking green all year round requires a lot of work.

Depending on the soil in your area, you could need regular lawn feed in order to keep it looking its best. Similarly, weeds can spring up in every area of your garden and sometimes the only way to get rid of them is with weed killer. However, all that lawn feed and weed killer is not only harmful to the wildlife in your garden, but it can run straight into the water stream and affect drinking water. Fake grass installation can reduce dependence on harmful chemicals in gardening. By choosing the right artificial grass retailer, homeowners can select a durable Astroturf product that doesn't let weeds penetrate through the lawn. Looking great all year round, fake grass installation negates the need for chemicals altogether.

When people think of going green in their garden, it's unlikely that they will envisage Astroturf. But in reality, fake grass can be a lot friendlier to the environment than you might initially imagine. Purchasing synthetic grass from the right retailer could potentially help you to reduce your carbon footprint in the garden.

As a result, more and more people are considering swapping their lawn for artificial grass that often looks better and requires less maintenance than a regular lawn. There are also growing concerns about the impact of the synthetic chemicals that are added to artificial grass on human health and the environment. The EU has been investigating specialist artificial turf used on sports fields for suspected carcinogens, and is considering banning intentionally added microplastics. While these are different products to those sold to home gardeners, Berg says artificial pitches are sometimes reused for landscaping.

Tire shred processors use various mechanical means to reduce the waste stream of tires to components including rubber and steel. There is a stockpile of shredded rubber material in many states that is currently marketed mainly for use as Tire Derived Fuel . Civil engineering applications such as light landfill cover, and potentially landfill drainage layers are also attractive applications for shredded rubber material. Local environmental protection agencies and state public health officials have been reluctant, however, in some regions to allow recycled rubber to be used in civil engineering applications. An absence of data concerning long-term effects is often cited as justification for these bans. We summarized recent laboratory investigations conducted to quantify possible leachates from various recycled tire compounds.

Extension of these results to reported field tests detailing the impact of recycled rubber on air, soil and water quality is also considered, as well as biological and toxicity issues. Finally, we identify areas where additional research is required and suggest approaches supporting "Better Use Determinations" for use of recycled tire rubber in these applications. To our knowledge, no studies have been conducted about its effect on biodiversity, despite the potential ecological consequences that artificial turf has for urban wildlife . Rubber tires contain several compounds that are known or suspected carcinogens.

Many carcinogens are mutagens, and fluctuation assays based on the Ames test can be used as an initial screen for mutagenic potential. Granulated crumb rubber from recycled tires is commonly used in the creation of artificial athletic fields, and the surface temperature of these fields can reach levels far above the ambient temperature. In this study, crumb rubber samples taken directly from four separate artificial athletic field surfaces were used to make leachates using water at different temperatures. For each of these fields, leachates obtained in water at 70 ºC showed significant mutagenic potential (p ≤ .001) in Salmonella typhimurium fluctuation assays. Leachates obtained in water at 40 ºC showed no mutagenic potential for any of the fields tested. For one field, crumb rubber heated in water at temperatures as low as 50 ºC resulted in significant mutagenic potential (p ≤ 0.001).

Water used in an experiment designed to mimic the irrigation of an artificial athletic field also showed mutagenic potential (p ≤ 0.001) in a fluctuation assay. Increased temperatures subject athletes to several heatrelated illnesses and can potentially reduce field use times when surface temperatures exceed certain thresholds . The crumb rubber infill of artificial turf contains organic contaminants and heavy metals that can runoff and/or leach into water sources or volatize into the air . Furthermore, disposal of many artificial turf field components cannot be recycled or degraded . ELTs were ground into granulates of different size and called 'crumb rubber'.

Currently, the durability and the maintenance needs of such surfaces is under scrutiny as there may be differences between the commercial assessments and the empirical findings about the pitch and playground lifetimes. There is a distinct lack of research into quantifying the effects caused by artificial lawns on hydrological processes, such as stormwater runoff, retention and drainage. There have been many articles written about the negative impact rubber crumb can have on people's health due to the rubber crumb containing arsonic and other harmful chemicals. None of the artificial lawns that we install use rubber crumb infill. As population increases, so should overall youth sports participation, and subsequently the total number of community sports fields.

Synthetic turf fields have several advantages over natural grass fields. In addition, synthetic turf fields can be used more frequently because they do not become muddy after precipitation and do not require waiting periods between uses to facilitate repair and recovery . The headspace solid-phase micro-extraction GC-MS analysis evidenced that at 70 °C natural rubber and thermoplastic elastomer release amounts of organic species much higher than recycled scrap tires.

In particular, the desorption of mineral oils, with a prevalence of toxicologically relevant low-viscosity alkanes in the range C17–C22, and plasticizers was clearly evidenced. The new-generation thermoplastic elastomer material also releases butylated hydroxytoluene. In slightly acidic conditions, quite high amounts of bio-accessible Zn, Cu, and Co are released from recycled scrap tires, while natural rubber releases mainly Se and Tl.

Is Windows 10 Home Good For Gaming

Use Windows 10 Game ModeIt's already built into Windows 10 and dedicates system resources to gaming.Manage active hoursWindows 10 installs updates based on these settings. Set them up, so your computer doesn't update while gaming.Tweak the visual effects settingsWindows runs background graphics constantly. Upgrade your laptop GPU and RAMLet a technician do the installation if you don't have laptop experience.Disable background Windows servicesTurn off background services to speed up your Windows laptop. The upgrade offer was marketed and initiated using the "Get Windows 10" application, which was first downloaded and installed via Windows Update in March 2015. Third-party programs were also created to assist users in applying measures to disable GWX.

Is Windows 10 Pro Or Home Better For Gaming If your existing Windows 10 PC is running Windows 10 20H1 or later and meets the minimum hardware specificationsit will be able to upgrade to Windows 11. The upgrade rollout plan is still being finalized, but for most devices already in use today, we expect it to be ready sometime in early 2022. Not all Windows 10 PCs that are eligible to upgrade will be offered to upgrade at the same time. To see if your PC is eligible to upgrade, refer to our knowledge base for a list of tested systems. Once the upgrade rollout has started, you can check if it is ready for your device by going to Settings/Windows Updates.

Similar to how end users are notified when updates are available in Windows 10, end users will see an indication in the notification areas of the taskbar in the bottom right, that the upgrade is available. More information on how that is presented will be available at a later date. Additional desktop notification options may be also be added at a later date. A new iteration of the Start menu is used on the Windows 10 desktop, with a list of places and other options on the left side, and tiles representing applications on the right.

The menu can be resized, and expanded into a full-screen display, which is the default option in Tablet mode. A new virtual desktop system was added by a feature known as Task View, which displays all open windows and allows users to switch between them, or switch between multiple workspaces. Universal apps, which previously could be used only in full screen mode, can now be used in self-contained windows similarly to other programs. Program windows can now be snapped to quadrants of the screen by dragging them to the corner. When a window is snapped to one side of the screen, Task View appears and the user is prompted to choose a second window to fill the unused side of the screen (called "Snap Assist"). Windows 10 received generally positive reviews upon its original release.

Other critics argued that Microsoft should not have triggered any downloading of Windows 10 installation files without user consent. On May 2, 2017, Microsoft unveiled Windows 10 S , a feature-limited edition of Windows 10 which was designed primarily for devices in the education market , such as the Surface Laptop that Microsoft also unveiled at this time. The OS restricts software installation to applications obtained from Microsoft Store; the device may be upgraded to Windows 10 Pro for a fee to enable unrestricted software installation.

As a time-limited promotion, Microsoft stated that this upgrade would be free on the Surface Laptop until March 31, 2018. Windows 10 S also contains a faster initial setup and login process, and allows devices to be provisioned using a USB drive with the Windows Intune for Education platform. Extended support until January 13, 2032The original release of Windows 10 receives mainstream support for five years after its original release, followed by five years of extended support, but this is subject to conditions. Microsoft stated that these devices would no longer receive feature updates, but would still receive security updates through January 2023.

Microsoft will continue to support at least one standard Windows 10 release until October 14, 2025. 10 heavily emphasizes freemium services, and contains various advertising facilities. Some outlets have considered these to be a hidden "cost" of the free upgrade offer. Feature updates prior to version 1909 are distributed solely as an in-place upgrade installation, requiring the download of a complete operating system package (approximately 3.5 GB in size for 64-bit systems).

Unlike previous builds, version 1909 is designed primarily as an update rollup version of 1903, focusing primarily on minor feature additions and enhancements. For upgrades to 1909 from 1903, a new delivery method is used where its changes were delivered as part of the monthly cumulative update, but are left in a dormant state until the 1909 update "enablement" patch is installed. The full upgrade process is still used for those using builds prior to 1903. The Anniversary Update added Windows Subsystem for Linux , which allows the installation of a user space environment from a supported Linux distribution that runs natively on Windows.

The subsystem translates Linux system calls to those of the Windows NT kernel . The environment can execute the Bash shell and 64-bit command-line programs (WSL 2 also supports 32-bit Linux programs and graphics, assuming supporting software installed, and GPUs support for other uses). Windows applications cannot be executed from the Linux environment, and vice versa. Linux distributions for Windows Subsystem for Linux are obtained through Microsoft Store.

The feature initially supported an Ubuntu-based environment; Microsoft announced in May 2017 that it would add Fedora and OpenSUSE environment options as well. Perhaps the most important thing to know about the release of Windows 11 is that we should expect it to change significantly over the next few years. I've been using beta versions of Windows 11 for a month in the lead-up to writing this review, and it seems like every few days there's a minor new feature or redesigned app to check out. We may not see that feature fully realized in Windows until next year. Microsoft has shifted its focus to providing solid versions of its apps on iOS and Android, and even Microsoft's modern-day phones run a Microsoft-flavored version of Android rather than anything Windows-related.

The new version of Windows is more preoccupied with the places where Windows already is and is likely to stay—risk-averse, money-rich, security-conscious businesses. There are plenty of user-facing changes, sure, but the PCs that run Windows 11 need to support a range of hardware- and firmware-level security mechanisms that are fully supported but optional in Windows 10. I haven't noticed any big performance improvements or problems running games on Windows 11.

It feels exactly the same as Windows 10 for gaming, as far as I can tell. PC Gamer has noticed that Windows 11's new Virtualization-Based Security can impact gaming performance by as much as a 28 percent drop in frame rates. It's a setting that Microsoft wants PC builders to enable by default on new Windows 11 PCs, so while it won't impact people upgrading or clean installs, new gaming PCs could ship with VBS enabled. In March 2016, some users also alleged that their Windows 7 and 8.1 devices had automatically begun upgrading to Windows 10 without their consent. In June 2016, the GWX dialog's behavior changed to make closing the window imply a consent to a scheduled upgrade. It was concluded that these users may have unknowingly clicked the "Accept" prompt without full knowledge that this would begin the upgrade.

As of the May 2019 update, the minimum disk space requirement has been increased to 32 GB. In addition, on new installations, Windows permanently reserves up to 7 GB of disk space in order to ensure proper installation of future feature updates. This edition is designed for "special-purpose devices" that perform a fixed function . For this reason, it excludes Cortana, Microsoft Store, and all bundled Universal Windows Platform apps . The new Start menu takes after Windows 7's design by using only a portion of the screen and including a Windows 7-style application listing in the first column.

Myerson said that these changes would occur in a future update, but did not elaborate. Windows Phone 8.1 would share nearly 90% of the common Windows Runtime APIs with Windows 8.1 on PCs. The time of Windows 8 and 8.1, though, has long since passed – now is the time of Windows 10. With Windows 10, Microsoft tried their best to avoid the mistakes they made with its predecessor and tried their damndest to minimize issues and problems with the Operating System upon launch. Unfortunately, Microsoft wasn't able to hold to their ambitions and Windows 10 was only a little short of a catastrophe for the gaming community upon launch. There are plenty of fancy visual effects in Windows 10 graphical user interfaces .

Nevertheless, those pretty background graphics, most of which are turned on by default, can affect the available processing power of your PC when a game is running in the foreground. So, one way to optimize Windows 10 for gaming performance is to sacrifice some, or even all, of those settings. The graphics card works to render still images, or frames, while you're playing a game. The card does it so fast that it's measured by the second, and it works in conjunction with other hardware parts like the RAM, CPU, and GPU to create the full gaming experience. If there's any sort of stoppage within any of these components, your FPS will start to go down. Most gamers prefer a 60 FPS rate while playing, but most games are actually fine at 30 FPS.

I've been running Windows 11 on my laptop and I enjoy the experience there, but on my desktop with three monitors, I'm holding off on upgrading. The way I use my laptop is very different from my desktop PC, so Windows 11 fits just fine in my lap. I regularly use full-screen apps and games on my main PC, so not being able to see the time and date across multiple monitors is annoying.

Coupled with the taskbar changes that prevent drag and drop, I feel less productive using Windows 11 on my main PC. Despite increased support for macOS and Linux from game developers, Windows 10 is the go-to choice for most PC gamers worldwide. However, the OS still has a few issues that you need to iron out before it offers you optimal gaming performance. So use this in-depth guide to optimize your Windows 10 computer for the best gaming performance. Once you have done that, check out the best tips and tricks to speed up Windows 10, the best ways to improve battery life of your Windows 10 laptop, and the best mechanical keyboards for gaming. The option to defer new features is another helpful feature of Windows Home 10.

System updates can improve the operating system's efficiency, but they also run the risk of mucking with game-specific settings. Auto-updates could overwrite stored game parameters, forcing you to re-enter them manually. Updates may wreak havoc on the gaming routine, especially if you earn your gameplay by streaming or publishing discussion videos. If your game is too resource-hungry and your graphics card cannot provide enough processing power, the gaming experience could be frustrating. Setting a lower detail level or reducing resolution in the game settings can help a lot. Focus on reducing eye candy while maintaining things such as viewing distance that help you win.

Switch on an FPS indicator if it's supported by the game settings, and fine-tune settings until you can consistently squeeze 30–60 frames per second out of your system. More is better ; less is usually considered unplayable for dynamic games such as shooters. 10 product keys, meaning they could be entered during installation to activate the free license, without the need to upgrade first to "activate" the hardware with Microsoft's activation servers. On September 30, 2014, Microsoft officially announced that Threshold would be unveiled during a media event as Windows 10. Myerson said that Windows 10 would be Microsoft's "most comprehensive platform ever", providing a single, unified platform for desktop and laptop computers, tablets, smartphones, and all-in-one devices.

Despite these concessions, Myerson noted that the touch-optimized interface would evolve as well on 10. The importance of this specific addition that Windows 10 brings to gamers simply can't be stressed enough. DirectX is the application programming interface that games use to communicate with your computer – it's the platform a game uses to get your computer to do what the game wants it to do. Up until Windows 10, DirectX 11 was the latest and greatest in this pretty long line of toolsets. With Windows 10, Microsoft introduced DirectX 12, bringing gamers tons of amazing new features and advantages. We'll focus on those security features and system requirements in this review while also covering the new design and the broad strokes of new and updated apps and the other changes Microsoft has made to Windows under the hood.

Here's a quick and easy way to optimize Windows 10 for gaming using a tool that's built into the system. Game Mode appeared in the most recent releases of the OS and is designed to improve the gaming experience by dedicating more system resources to games. It also prevents other programs, such as Windows Update, from hogging system resources while you're playing.

In multi-GPU computers running Windows 10, you can manually specify which graphics card a Windows app/ game should use as default to enhance performance. So setting the high-end dedicated graphics card as the default for your games will optimize gaming performance on your Windows 10 PC. We have already discussed the subject in great detail, so check out our dedicated article on how to set default GPU for games and apps in Windows 10. Another easy way to improve access time for Windows apps is to defrag your hard drive. Windows 10 offers a built-in defragment option, and you can access it by searching for 'Defrag' in the Windows Search Box. You can also download and install Piriform's Defraggler for more power-user options.

Do remember that de-fragmentation is only suitable for mechanical HDDs. You should never defrag SSDs because that reduces their lifespan. Users of Windows 8 may breathe a sigh of relief since the start menu has returned in Windows 10. Most desktop users found it very difficult to navigate between applications in Windows 8 without the start menu; therefore, Microsoft has reinstated it. Together with the start menu, the basic tiled design of Windows 8 has been preserved.

From the start menu with Windows 10, you can easily access common programs, including mail, temperature, banking, maps, and so on. Microsoft has attempted to solve the issue by developing a function that can be used on both a PC and a touch screen. The reasoning is that RDP is meant to assist business professionals who find themselves working remotely from time to time. It creates a secure connection between work and home computers that allows the user to access files, programs, and other sensitive material. This isn't a particularly useful feature for those just looking to game, and there are plenty of free or low-cost options available with similar functionality if you need it.

A last important advantage of Windows 10 is the improved speed of the operating system. Not only does Windows 10 look more modern, it also functions much faster than older Windows versions. The operating system is more efficient and therefore requires less processing power from the hardware. The start-up time, time to load applications and the battery consumption on laptops have all improved compared to Windows 8 and other former iterations. Windows 10 contains a Maps app that requires this service enabled.

But the users who are not using the map apps can simply disable windows 10 service to improve performance & gaming performance. In October 2015, Windows 10 began to appear as an "Optional" update on the Windows Update interface, but pre-selected for installation on some systems. A Microsoft spokesperson said that this was a mistake, and that the download would no longer be pre-selected by default.

In December 2015, it was reported that a new advertising dialog had begun to appear, only containing "Upgrade now" and "Upgrade tonight" buttons, and no obvious method to decline installation besides the close button. On December 7, 2016, Microsoft announced that, as part of a partnership with Qualcomm, it planned to introduce support for running Win32 software on ARM architecture with a 32-bit x86 processor emulator, in 2017. Microsoft is initially targeting this project towards laptops. 10 Home and Pro is "Semi-Annual Channel " (formerly "Current Branch", or "CB"), which receives stable builds after they are publicly released by Microsoft. Each build of Windows 10 is supported for 18 months after its original release.

Windows 10 provides greater integration with the Xbox ecosystem. Windows 10 also allows users to control and play games from an Xbox One console over a local network. The Xbox Live SDK allows application developers to incorporate Xbox Live functionality into their apps, and future wireless Xbox One accessories, such as controllers, are supported on Windows with an adapter. Device Guard is designed to protect against zero-day exploits, and runs inside a hypervisor so that its operation remains separated from the operating system itself. The millions of Windows users who don't use Teams can remove the icon, but they'll need to do so from Settings — there is no simple right-click, unpin option for pre-installed apps. Those who do use the video conferencing software can launch video calls, host chats, or bring up the full Teams app.

I'm sure some will find this convenient, but most Windows 11 users will wonder why something they'll never touch is featured so prominently on the desktop. Windows 10 OEM is a full version of the operating system not an upgrade. To acquire Windows software with support provided by Microsoft please see our full package "Retail" product. Microsoft recommends all files and programs be backed-up prior to installation. If you work in similar ways, I think you'll find Windows 11's expanded Desktop groups feature useful once you spend some time coming to grips with it.

But if you don't care to, that's fine too — like many new features of Windows 11, these desktop groups are optional and can easily be ignored. You can even remove the button from the taskbar entirely, though you're still able to access the Task View by hitting the Windows key + Tab. Rather than overhauling an entire OS every year, the company has designed it to receive semi-annual updates that largely focus on adding in new features and offering improvements to stability and overall performance. And, by doing so, it's given Windows laptop and PC users the option to update incrementally.